Scalability

Scalability is a significant issue for layer-1 blockchains. The most well-known blockchains like Bitcoin and Ethereum have limitations in terms of transaction throughput. These networks can process only a limited number of transactions per second, which hampers their ability to handle large-scale adoption and mainstream usage.

Here are some common scalability problems in Layer-1 blockchains:

1. Transaction Throughput: Layer-1 blockchains often have limited transaction processing capabilities due to factors like block size, block time, and consensus mechanisms. This limitation leads to a lower number of transactions that can be processed per second, resulting in potential congestion and delays.

2. Network Bottlenecks: As the number of users and transactions increases, the blockchain network's bandwidth and connectivity can become a bottleneck. This can lead to delays in transaction propagation, block validation, and overall network performance.

3. Block Size and Block Time: Block size determines the amount of data that can be included in a single block, while block time represents the time it takes to create a new block. If the block size is small or the block time is long, the blockchain's capacity to process transactions quickly can be limited.